Using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS, the endogenous metabolites in serum samples of the blank control, model, and low, medium, and high Huaihua Powder groups were investigated. Pattern recognition was achieved through the application of multivariate analyses, such as principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). By using the Mass Profiler Professional (MPP) B.1400, potential biomarkers were evaluated with a two-fold change and a p-value below 0.05. Neuronal Signaling antagonist Enrichment of metabolic pathways was observed through MetaboAnalyst 50's analysis. As per the results, Huaihua Powder treatment significantly ameliorated the general state and colon tissue morphology in mice with ulcerative colitis, alongside reductions in disease activity index (DAI) and serum levels of TNF-, IL-6, and IL-1. The regulatory effect of Huaihua Powder was forecast to be associated with a total of 38 potential biomarkers, predominantly involved in the processes of glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, the reciprocal transformations of glucuronic acid, and glutathione metabolism. Metabolomic analysis in this study aimed to understand the mechanism of Huaihua Powder's treatment of ulcerative colitis, facilitating future research endeavors.

In a rat model of acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), this study, for the first time, compared the ameliorating effects of L-borneol, natural borneol, and synthetic borneol on brain tissue damage. This investigation provides a basis for the rational application of borneol in the early treatment of ischemic stroke, demonstrating significant academic and practical values. Healthy, specific pathogen-free (SPF) SD male rats were divided into 13 experimental groups using a randomized approach: a sham-operated group, a model group, a Tween model group, a nimodipine group, and three dose-response groups for each of L-borneol, natural borneol, and synthetic borneol (0.2, 0.1, and 0.005 g/kg respectively), stratified by body weight. A rat model of ischemia-reperfusion, established after three days of prior administration, was confirmed using laser speckle imaging, employing the suture occlusion procedure. Following categorization, the different groups' respective agents were administered over a period of 24 hours. Regular monitoring of body temperature began before the model's pre-administration and continued on days 1, 2, and 3 of the pre-administration period. The process included temperature checks 2 hours after the model's awakening and 1 day subsequent to the model's establishment. To determine neurological function, the Zea-Longa score and the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) were applied two hours and then again the next day after consciousness was regained. The rats' anesthesia was induced 30 minutes subsequent to the final dose, followed by blood collection from the abdominal aorta. An ELISA technique was implemented to quantify the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). Brain tissue staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was conducted to calculate cerebral infarction rates, complemented by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for the qualitative and semi-quantitative observation of pathological changes in various brain areas. To determine the presence of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1), immunohistochemistry was employed on microglia samples. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was applied to measure the mRNA levels of iNOS and arginase 1 (Arg1) in order to determine the polarization phenotypes M1 and M2 of microglia. The model and Tween model groups, relative to the sham-operation group, displayed considerably heightened body temperature, Zea-Longa scores, mNSS scores, and cerebral infarction rates. Their brains manifested severe damage to the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, and there were increases in serum IL-6 and TNF-α, with decreases in serum IL-4 and TGF-β1. The three borneol products were associated with a decrease in rat body temperature, measurable one day after the modeling procedure. Significant decreases in both Zea-Longa score and mNSS were achieved through the administration of synthetic borneol at doses of 0.2 and 0.05 grams per kilogram, combined with L-borneol at a dose of 0.1 grams per kilogram. The three borneol products, dosed at 0.2 grams per kilogram, led to a substantial decline in the percentage of cerebral infarctions. The pathological damage to the cortex was markedly lessened by the administration of L-borneol at dosages of 0.2 and 0.1 grams per kilogram, and natural borneol at a dose of 0.1 grams per kilogram. A 0.1-gram-per-kilogram dose of both L-borneol and natural borneol alleviated hippocampal pathological damage, whereas a 0.2-gram-per-kilogram dose of L-borneol reduced striatal damage. The serum concentration of TNF- was substantially reduced by the 0.02 g/kg L-borneol treatment, coupled with three doses of both natural and synthetic borneol, and the 0.01 g/kg synthetic borneol dose similarly decreased IL-6 levels. L-borneol and synthetic borneol, at a dosage of 0.2 grams per kilogram, substantially decreased the activity of cortical microglia. In a final assessment, the three borneol compounds may help reduce inflammation to minimize the pathological impact on rat brain areas in the acute I/R period, by inhibiting microglial activation and prompting their shift from M1 to M2 polarization. A trend in brain protection was observed, with L-borneol exhibiting the greatest effect, then synthetic borneol, and lastly, natural borneol. As a first choice for I/R treatment during the acute stage, L-borneol is suggested.

Bufonis Venenum extracted from Bufo gargarizans gargarizans and B. gararizans andrewsi was compared and contrasted; the rationale behind the market price was validated through a zebrafish model. The collection included twenty batches of Bufonis Venenum, deriving from Jiangsu, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, and Liangshan, Sichuan provinces, encompassing both B. gargarizans gargarizans and B. gararizans andrewsi varieties. To compare two kinds of Bufonis Venenum, principal component analysis was used alongside UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS. From the set of conditions—VIP>1, FC<0.05 or FC>20, and peak total area ratio>1%—nine differential markers were determined: cinobufagin, cinobufotalin, arenobufagin, resibufogenin, scillaredin A, resibufagin, 3-(N-suberoylargininyl)-arenobufagin, 3-(N-suberoylargininyl)-marinobufagin, and 3-(N-suberoylargininyl)-resibufogenin. Using high-performance liquid chromatography and the 2020 Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the content of 20 Bufonis Venenum batches was ascertained. Subsequently, two batches, CS7 (accounting for 899% of the total content) and CS9 (at 503% of the total content), showing the most extreme divergence in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia's three quality control indexes (bufalin, cinobufagin, and resibufogenin), were selected for evaluating anti-liver tumor activity in a zebrafish model. The inhibition rates of the tumors in the two batches were 3806% and 4529%, respectively, demonstrating that relying solely on the quality control indices of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as the sole criterion for the market circulation of Bufonis Venenum is unwarranted. Trained immunity Data from this research underscores the feasibility of effective Bufonis Venenum resource management and the creation of a reasoned quality evaluation system.

To understand the chemical composition of Rhododendron nivale, this study employed various chromatographic methods to isolate and obtain five novel meroterpenoid enantiomers (1a/1b-5a/5b) from the ethyl acetate extract of R. nivale. immune restoration The combined application of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and infrared (IR) spectra, complemented by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) measurements and calculations, facilitated a comprehensive structural evaluation. Assigning names to the novel compounds 1a/1b-4a/4b, ()-nivalones A-B (1a/1b-2a/2b), ()-nivalnoids C-D (3a/3b-4a/4b), and the known enantiomer ()-anthoponoid G (5a/5b) were the results. Oxidative stress models, utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) treated SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma) cells, were employed to assess the protective effects of isolated compounds against nerve cell damage. It has been determined that compounds 2a and 3a possess a certain protective function against H₂O₂-mediated oxidative damage to nerve cells at 50 mol/L, leading to an increase in cell survival rate from 4402% ± 30% to 6782% ± 112% and 6220% ± 187% respectively. The other substances did not manifest a significant ability to defend cells from oxidative assault. The chemical constituents of *R. nivale* are augmented by these findings, offering valuable insight into the structural identification of its meroterpenoids.

A large dataset of product quality reviews (PQR) has been compiled by Chinese traditional medicine (TCM) companies. The process of mining these data yields hidden knowledge within production systems, ultimately aiding in the improvement of pharmaceutical manufacturing technology. Nevertheless, research on the extraction of PQR data is limited, leaving businesses without clear analytical direction. This study presented a method for extracting insights from PQR data, comprising four functional modules: data acquisition and preparation, variable risk categorization, batch-wise risk assessment, and quality regression analysis. Moreover, a case study was performed on the formulation of a TCM product, showcasing the method. The case study of 2019-2021 involved the collection of data from 398 product batches, each exhibiting 65 process variables. The process performance index dictated the classification of variable-related risks. Analyzing each batch's risk factors through both short-term and long-term perspectives, the variables with the most significant impact on product quality were determined using partial least squares regression.